Uchiha Clan

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The Uchiha Clan almost went extinct after the Uchiha Clan Massacre, but was rebuilt before the series started.

Rebuilding
When Sasuke Uchiha was eight years old, his older brother Itachi killed off the entire clan except for Sasuke. Eight years later, Sasuke founded a group he named Hebi (later changed to Taka) with Karin, Suigetsu Hozuki, and Jugo.

After Suigetsu and Jugo were abandoned, Sasuke almost killed Karin when he fatally stabbed her. Taka was disbanded, but four years later, Sasuke came back to Karin and raped her, conceiving Seiji. After this act, the Uchiha clan was rebuilt.

When Seiji turned six, Sasuke abandoned Karin and Seiji, leaving them alone. No one ever heard from him again.

Pre-NG History
(source: http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Uchiha)

Founding
The Uchiha clan descended from the elder of the two sons entrusted by the Sage of the Six Paths with his power and will. The elder brother was born with the Sage's "eyes" and was gifted with powerful chakra and spiritual abilities. When it came time for the Sage to choose a successor, he questioned the two on what course of action they would follow to bring order to the world. The elder believed that might was the way to bring peace, while the younger believed love was the way. The Sage favored the ideal of the younger brother, and therefore designated the younger as his successor, causing the elder to be filled with jealousy and hatefulness. From the younger son descended the Senju clan who would be the eternal rivals of the Uchiha.

Before the founding of the ninja villages, the Uchiha were one of the many mercenary clans for hire. Because of their Sharingan, the Uchiha clan came to be known as one of the two strongest clans, the second being the Senju clan. Madara Uchiha was particularly powerful, and, upon attaining the Mangekyou Sharingan, he took control of the clan. Under his leadership the Uchiha grew stronger, conquering whatever clans they came upon, such that, whenever the Uchiha clan was hired for a job, the opposing side would hire the Senju.

Konohagakure
Hashirama Senju, the leader of the Senju clan, grew tired of the endless fighting, and approached the Uchiha clan with a peace treaty. Madara feared that an alliance would lead the Uchiha to ruin, but his clan disagreed, and he was forced to accept. The two clans came together to form Konoha, with Hashirama being selected as Hokage. Madara believed that this was proof that the Uchiha would be made subservient to the Senju, but his clan saw this only as his attempt to rekindle the flames of war. They turned their backs on him, and he defected. Following Madara's betrayal, the Second Hokage gave the Uchiha control of the Konoha Military Police Force as a sign of trust. According to Madara, this was really just a way of keeping the Uchiha in check and out of Konoha's governing affairs. Over the years, some Uchiha, such as Setsuna, have figured out this motive's true meaning, and tried to rebel against the village as Madara did, but they found that it was too late to make a difference, as the Senju had already completely suppressed the Uchiha.

Massacre
Years later, after the Nine-Tails' Attack on Konoha, Konoha began to suspect that an Uchiha was behind the attack. Madara claimed that the Uchiha were relocated to a corner of the village so that they could be more easily monitored. The Uchiha interpreted this as confirmation of what Madara had warned them of years earlier, and began to plan overthrowing the village. One Uchiha, Itachi, disagreed with the coup d'état, and informed Konoha's leadership of what the Uchiha were up to. The Third Hokage, Hiruzen Sarutobi, tried to negotiate for a more peaceful approach. This failed, and to prevent an uprising that would create another war, Itachi was ordered to wipe out the Uchiha.

Itachi spared only one Uchiha: his younger brother, Sasuke. Sasuke would spend the next few years trying to avenge their family by killing Itachi, something Itachi had planned for from the very beginning. Once accomplishing this goal, Sasuke learned that Madara was also still alive. Madara told Sasuke about the Uchiha's history and why Itachi had wiped out the Uchiha, prompting Sasuke, with Madara's help, to resolve to destroy Konoha.

Abilities
The Uchiha were famous for their powerful chakra, exceptionally strong techniques, and natural aptitude for anything combat-related. The clan possessed a proficiency in fire jutsu, having created several and using them more skillfully than any other. Their signature jutsu was the Fire Release: Great Fireball Technique. Clan members were not recognized as adults by the rest of the clan until they could successfully use this jutsu. The Uchiha were also highly known for their mastery of ninja tools. They themselves invented many shuriken move sets which required the use of thin metal wires, one example being the Windmill Triple Blades technique.

The Uchiha clan were most feared for their powerful Sharingan, a kekkei genkai which gives them the ability to see the "colors" of chakra, allowing them to analyze and copy their opponent's skills, along with a number of other abilities. Only a select few members of the Uchiha clan manifested the Sharingan. Due to their natural affinity for battle, and their proficiency with eye genjutsu, many ninjas considered it more tactically favorable to flee rather than face a Uchiha shinobi in one-on-one combat. Among the techniques granted by the Sharingan, the Izanagi is deemed to be forbidden, due to it rendering the user blind in exchange for temporarily turning their personal illusion into reality. Though the clan was feared for their Sharingan, the eyes have also been transplanted into various characters outside the clan.

Madara Uchiha was the first to develop an advanced form of the Sharingan, the Mangekyou Sharingan, which can be activated by the pain of losing close friends or family members. However, frequent use of the Mangekyou Sharingan deteriorates the user's eyesight and results in blindness. Only by taking the eyes of a sibling can one's vision be restored. Itachi indicated that the intricacies of the Mangekyō Sharingan were only discovered after years of trial and error, implying that many Uchiha throughout history had made the attempt to gain the Mangekyou Sharingan.

Trivia

 * Uchiha is another way of pronouncing "uchiwa" (団扇, paper fan), which is the Uchiha clan symbol. Uchiwa can be used to fan flames, making the flame hotter — referring to the fact that the Uchiha is a clan of fire jutsu users.
 * The three Uchiha to survive the massacre have all eventually become affiliated with Akatsuki.
 * The three also have the Mangekyou Sharingan as well as their brothers. They have also all competed with their brothers.


 * According to the third Naruto databook, the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox is the only one who knows the truth about the Uchiha clan and about Naruto. However, it appears that it has no intention of telling what it knows.
 * In the earlier stages of the series, Kakashi stated that there are rumors the Uchiha clan's Sharingan was dirived from the Hyuuga clan's Byakugan.
 * According to Madara, the Uchiha clan are destined to a life of revenge against their hated enemies, the Senju clan and Konohagakure.
 * Most of the clan members tend to wear a black high-collared shirt with the Uchiha clan symbol on the back.
 * During the Nine-Tails' attack on Konoha, no Uchiha were seen aiding Konoha against it.
 * The clan had various places affiliated with them:
 * A senbei shop that was famous throughout the village.
 * A secret meeting place under the Naka Shrine.
 * A supply base in Sora-ku that Hebi approached for supplies.
 * A stronghold that served as the arena for the final battle between Sasuke and Itachi.